Before 1870, most formerly enslaved people were not listed by name in federal census records. They appeared as numbers—age, sex, and skin color—under the name of an enslaver. The 1870 census changed everything. It was the first federal census to list formerly enslaved people by name, acknowledging them as individuals and families.

Every May, communities across the United States celebrate Historic Preservation Month . We repaint old storefronts, lead walking tours, and post photos of restored barns. The goal is simple: save the places and objects that tell our national story. Yet this year’s celebration feels urgent. During the last week of April, curators at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of African American History and Culture (NMAAHC) started boxing up landmark artifacts—including pieces of the 19